Sangya, Sarvanam, Visheshan, Kriya
संज्ञा, सर्वनाम, विशेषण, क्रिया
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Overview
This topic covers the four foundational word classes (parts of speech) in Hindi grammar — Sangya (Noun), Sarvanam (Pronoun), Visheshan (Adjective), and Kriya (Verb). Together, these form the backbone of Hindi sentence construction and appear consistently in UPTET Language I papers.
For UPTET Paper I and Paper II, expect 2–4 direct questions testing identification, classification, and usage of these word classes. Questions may ask you to identify the type of sangya in a sentence, pick out the correct sarvanam, match visheshan with visheshya, or determine the kriya form. Mastery here also strengthens your performance in comprehension passages, as grammatical accuracy improves both understanding and error-spotting.
Students must know all sub-types with clear definitions and be able to apply them instantly in sentence-based questions. Rote memorisation of examples is useful, but understanding the logic behind classifications is what separates toppers from average scorers.
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Key Concepts
- **Sangya (संज्ञा)** is the naming word — it identifies persons, places, things, qualities, or actions. Every Hindi sentence revolves around at least one sangya.
- **Sarvanam (सर्वनाम)** replaces sangya to avoid repetition. "Ram khel raha hai. Woh thak gaya." — here "woh" replaces "Ram."
- **Visheshan (विशेषण)** qualifies or describes a sangya/sarvanam, adding information about quality, quantity, or order. The word it describes is called **visheshya**.
- **Kriya (क्रिया)** expresses action or state of being. It tells us what the subject does or is. The doer of kriya is called **karta**.
- Hindi word classes are determined by function in a sentence — the same word can act as different parts of speech depending on context.
- Gender (ling), number (vachan), and case (karak) influence the form of sangya, sarvanam, and visheshan, while kriya agrees with karta or karma depending on sentence structure.
- Understanding these four classes is prerequisite for tackling advanced topics like karak, vakya rachna, and voice transformation.
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Formulas / Key Facts
### Sangya (Noun) — 5 Types
| Type | Hindi Name | Definition | Examples | |------|-----------|------------|----------| | Proper Noun | Vyakti-vachak | Names a specific person, place, or thing | राम, गंगा, भारत, ताजमहल | | Common Noun | Jati-vachak | Names a class or category | लड़का, नदी, देश, शहर | | Collective Noun | Samuh-vachak | Names a group or collection | सेना, झुंड, परिवार, सभा | | Material Noun | Dravya-vachak | Names substances or materials | सोना, दूध, लोहा, पानी | | Abstract Noun | Bhav-vachak | Names qualities, feelings, or states | सुंदरता, क्रोध, बचपन, मित्रता |