Parts of Speech (Shabd Bhed)
Bihar TET — Language I (Hindi/Urdu/Bengali)
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Overview
Parts of Speech form the grammatical backbone of any language. In Bihar TET Language I, you must identify and classify words into their correct categories — whether the passage is in Hindi, Urdu, or Bengali. This topic appears consistently in the grammar section, typically carrying 3–5 direct questions. Mastery here also helps you tackle related areas like sentence construction (vakyarachna), sandhi, and samas.
The exam tests two abilities: (1) recognising which part of speech a given word belongs to, and (2) understanding the function each category performs in a sentence. Questions often present a sentence and ask you to identify the sangya, visheshan, or kriya. Some items test your understanding of subtle distinctions — for instance, differentiating between a kriya-visheshan (adverb) and a visheshan (adjective), or recognising when a word functions as a sarvanaam versus a sangya.
Focus on the eight core categories, their Hindi/Urdu/Bengali equivalents, and the sub-types within each. Concrete examples from everyday language make recall easier during the exam.
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Key Concepts
- **Sangya (संज्ञा / اسم / বিশেষ্য) — Noun**: Names a person, place, thing, quality, or idea. Five types in Hindi: Vyakti-vachak (proper), Jati-vachak (common), Bhav-vachak (abstract), Samuh-vachak (collective), Dravya-vachak (material).
- **Sarvanaam (सर्वनाम / ضمیر / সর্বনাম) — Pronoun**: Replaces a noun to avoid repetition. Six types: Purush-vachak (personal), Nishchay-vachak (demonstrative), Anishchay-vachak (indefinite), Prashn-vachak (interrogative), Sambandh-vachak (relative), Nij-vachak (reflexive).
- **Visheshan (विशेषण / صفت / বিশেষণ) — Adjective**: Describes or qualifies a noun/pronoun. Four types: Gunvachak (quality), Sankhyavachak (numeral), Parimaanvachak (quantity), Sarvnaamik (pronominal).
- **Kriya (क्रिया / فعل / ক্রিয়া) — Verb**: Expresses action or state of being. Classified as Sakarmak (transitive — requires object) and Akarmak (intransitive — no object needed).
- **Kriya-visheshan (क्रिया-विशेषण / متعلق فعل / ক্রিয়া-বিশেষণ) — Adverb**: Modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. Four types: Kaal-vachak (time), Sthan-vachak (place), Pariman-vachak (degree/manner), Riti-vachak (manner).
- **Sambandh-bodhak (संबंधबोधक / حرف جار / সম্বন্ধসূচক) — Postposition/Preposition**: Shows relationship between a noun/pronoun and other words. Examples: के लिए, की ओर, के साथ.
- **Samuchchaya-bodhak (समुच्चयबोधक / حرف عطف / সংযোজক) — Conjunction**: Joins words, phrases, or clauses. Types: Sanyojak (और, तथा), Vibhajak (या, अथवा), Virodhsuchak (परंतु, लेकिन), Parinamsuchak (इसलिए, अतः).