Kriya (क्रिया) and Visheshan (विशेषण) form the backbone of Hindi sentence construction and are critical for the General Hindi section of UP Police Constable exam. Kriya refers to verbs — words that express action, state, or occurrence. Visheshan includes both adjectives (विशेषण) that describe nouns and adverbs (क्रिया-विशेषण) that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
Understanding these elements is essential for sentence correction (vakya shuddhi), comprehension passages, and grammar-based MCQs. Expect 4-6 direct questions from this topic. Mastery involves recognizing verb forms across tenses, identifying adjective-noun agreement, and distinguishing between adverbs and adjectives in context.
The exam tests your ability to spot incorrect verb-noun agreement, improper adverb placement, and misused adjective forms. A solid grasp of kriya and visheshan types will help you quickly eliminate wrong options and identify grammatically sound sentences.
Key Concepts
**Kriya (क्रिया)** is any word that shows action (गया, खाया), state (है, था), or occurrence (हुआ). Without kriya, a Hindi sentence is incomplete.
**Kriya ke bhed**: Sakarmak kriya (सकर्मक — transitive, requires object: "मैंने खाना खाया") and Akarmak kriya (अकर्मक — intransitive, no object needed: "वह सोता है").
**Visheshan (विशेषण)** qualifies or describes a noun (visheshya/विशेष्य). Example: "अच्छा लड़का" — 'अच्छा' is visheshan, 'लड़का' is visheshya.
**Kriya-visheshan (क्रिया-विशेषण)** or adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They answer how, when, where, and to what extent. Example: "वह तेज़ दौड़ता है" — 'तेज़' modifies the verb 'दौड़ता'.
**Agreement rules**: Visheshan must agree with the visheshya in gender (ling) and number (vachan). Example: "सुंदर लड़की" (feminine singular) vs "सुंदर लड़के" (masculine plural).
**Verb conjugation**: Kriya changes form based on subject's gender, number, tense, and respect level. Recognizing root verb (dhatu) and auxiliary verbs (सहायक क्रिया) is essential for identifying tense and voice.
Formulas / Key Facts
1. **Sakarmak Kriya**: Requires karma (object). Test: Ask "किसको/क्या?" after verb. Example: "मैंने पत्र लिखा" (लिखा — what? पत्र).
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**Mistake 2: Gender-number mismatch in adjectives** Wrong: "अच्छे लड़की आई।" Correct fix: Adjectives must agree with noun gender/number — "अच्छी लड़की आई।" (feminine singular agreement).
**Mistake 3: Misidentifying Sakarmak vs Akarmak** Wrong thinking: All verbs need objects. Correct fix: Test with "क्या/किसको" — if no sensible answer, it's akarmak. "वह हँसता है" (हँसता — akarmak, no object).
**Mistake 4: Placing kriya-visheshan incorrectly** Wrong: "वह दौड़ता धीरे है।" Correct fix: Kriya-visheshan generally comes before the verb — "वह धीरे दौड़ता है।"
**Mistake 5: Using wrong comparative/superlative forms** Wrong: "वह सबसे अधिक सुंदर है।" (redundant) Correct fix: Either "सबसे सुंदर" or "अत्यधिक सुंदर", but not both together. Superlative = सबसे + positive form.
Quick Reference
**Kriya = action/state word; no kriya = incomplete sentence**
**Sakarmak kriya needs object; Akarmak doesn't — test with "क्या/किसको?"**